Introduction to Pop - The History of Soft Drinks

Introduction to Pop - The History of Soft Drinks Soft drinks can trace their history back to the mineral water found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs has long been considered a healthy thing to do, and mineral water was said to have curative powers. Scientists soon discovered that gas carbonium or carbon dioxide was behind the bubbles in natural mineral water. The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) appeared in the 17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the Compagnie de Limonadiers of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors would carry tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians. Joseph Priestley In 1767, the first drinkable man-made glass of carbonated water was created by Englishman Doctor Joseph Priestley. Three years later, Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Bergmans apparatus allowed imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts. John Mathews In 1810, the first United States patent was issued for the means of mass manufacture of imitation mineral waters to Simons and Rundell of Charleston, South Carolina. However, carbonated beverages did not achieve great popularity in America until 1832, when John Mathews invented his apparatus for making carbonated water. John Mathews then mass-manufactured his apparatus for sale to soda fountain owners. Health Properties of Mineral Water The drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered a healthy practice. The American pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add medicinal and flavorful herbs to unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark, dandelion, sarsaparilla, and fruit extracts. Some historians consider that the first flavored carbonated soft drink was that made in 1807 by Doctor Philip Syng Physick of Philadelphia. Early American pharmacies with soda fountains became a popular part of culture. The customers soon wanted to take their health drinks home with them and a soft drink bottling industry grew from consumer demand. The Soft Drink Bottling Industry Over 1,500 U.S. patents were filed for either a cork, cap, or lid for the carbonated drink bottle tops during the early days of the bottling industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under a lot of pressure from the gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the Crown Cork Bottle Seal was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method of keeping the bubbles in the bottle. Automatic Production of Glass Bottles In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,500 bottles a day to 57,000 bottles a day. Hom-Paks and Vending Machines During the 1920s, the first Hom-Paks were invented. Hom-Paks are the familiar six-pack beverage carrying cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. The soft drink had become an American mainstay.

Discuss the view presented by Nasim and Sushil (2011) that managing Essay

Discuss the view presented by Nasim and Sushil (2011) that managing change invariably involves managing paradoxes and in partic - Essay Example This view of organisation change’s reality indicates a postmodernist oncology, where change remains fluid and elusive. As a result, to understand it demands acknowledging and accepting its dynamic, fluid nature. Managing changes requires managing paradoxes through a postmodernist ontology with postconstructivist epistemology because of the existence of diverse types of changes, resistance to changes, and narratives for attaining individual and organisational changes. The paradox of change lies in the postmodernist ontology with postconstructivist epistemology. Postmodernist thinking on the study of being views reality as a combination of different ways of seeing. The study of organisational changes has intersected various concepts from diverse fields, such as child development and evolutionary biology, and yet not many scholars have integrated them in a systematic manner (van de Ven and Poole, 1995: 510). Poggie (1965: 284) remarks on the paradox of knowing reality: â€Å"A w ay of seeing is a way of not seeing.† One epistemological view of reality is one way of not seeing reality through another perspective. van de Ven and Poole (1995: 511) urge for an interdisciplinary approach to seeing the reality of organisational change: â€Å"It is the interplay between different perspectives that helps one gain a more comprehensive understanding of organisational life, because any one theoretical perspective invariably offers only a partial account of a complex phenomenon.† They promote a postmodernist view of seeing and knowing the reality of organisational change because it enriches its understanding. Furthermore, the paradox-of-change approach uses postconstructivist epistemology using competing theories to explore and to illustrate it. van de Ven and Poole (1995) offer a typology of process theories that examine how and why change happens in social or biological units. These are life cycle, teleological, dialectical and evolutionary process theor ies. These four theories stand for essentially different event chains and generative components that they called â€Å"motors† to depict the processes and causes of changes (van de Ven and Poole, 1995: 511). van de Ven and Poole (1995) stress that organisational change do not neatly fit only one of these process theories because some conditions can stimulate interdependent changes across different organisational elements. They stress the complexity of changes: â€Å"Even though each of these types has its own internal logic, complexity and the potential for theoretical confusion arise from the interplay among different motors† (van de Ven and Poole, 1995: 534). The paradox of changes arises from the reality of spontaneous effects of changes, anticipated or otherwise. Sturdy and Grey (2003) criticise the one-sided view of organisational change management (OCM) discourses that emphasise stability over changes. They offer different views of changes using discourse analysi s. They conclude the need for using different lenses in understanding changes and in attaining effective changes. Hence, this essay finds it useful to see changes from a postmodernist view of organisational reality and knowledge. The paradox of change and continuity affects different kinds and stages of changes. Managing changes in different types of changes require balancing change and continuity. Nadler and Tushman (1989) examined diverse large-scale organisational changes and provided several insights and generalisations. They reviewed

Appraise Areas of Early Childhood Development Coursework

Appraise Areas of Early Childhood Development - Coursework Example From birth to the early childhood, a child is most vulnerable to the required changes in the personality and mind set. After the childhood, the habits may develop and then it is difficult to change these habits. Most of the other experts give equal importance to the language development in the children. Language is the basic tool to communicate with others. If not anyone knows the proper and ethical use of language then it is possible that he will fail to convey his message to the other people. In this way, it is a matter of fact that language development is also very necessary for the children. Here it is important to notice that this language development is best possible in the early ages of a child otherwise it will be difficult for the parents. In short, words we can say that the early years of lives of children are the best possible opportunity to make a good and beneficial person in all regard. The things happening at this point of time, are actually building up the mindset of the children, which may not change in the coming years. Cognitive Development: At first, there comes the cognitive development of a child, which is the most important perspective of the growth and development of any child. The cognitive development may show the growth and development of the brain of the children. There are several theories and practices, which are extracted after great research and analysis. These theories suggest different perspectives regarding the cognitive or we can say brain development of the child (Burger, 2010). The famous theorist Piaget says that at first the child may learn to react to those things, which are directing affecting him. It means that he can easily forget the other surrounding environment. After this stage, there comes a phase where the child is concerned about learning those things which affect him in either situation. After remembering these things, he may try to react towards those actions or movements.

What are the trends in non-state conflict over the past 20-30 years Research Paper

What are the trends in non-state conflict over the past 20-30 years (or for whatever time period you have data) - Research Paper Example Citizen to government tensions happen in militaristic states. Often, the civilians consider the government as oppressive, the reason why they fight against it. In other instances, the military rules the state after conducting a successful coup dà ©Ã‚ ·tat. History is replete with examples such as what happened in Afghanistan in 1978 and Argentina in 1966 (Political Instability Task Force). Political parties’ competition is evident based on historical accounts. Compared to ethnic rivalries and citizen to government tensions, this type of non-state conflict is continuous, from 1955 until now. Nevertheless, it is only apparent in states which are not yet completely democratic like Benin and Congo-Kinshasa (Political Instability Task Force). Significantly, from the year 1946 up to 2005, internal armed conflict has decreased (Williams 159). From 2002 until 2005, battle-death internal conflicts have declined by about seventy percent (Williams 159). However, if the years 1946 and 2004 will be compared, there is a higher incident of non-state armed conflict in the latter year (Williams 159). Ethnic rivalries are recurring as ethnic groups want to preserve their identity and existence from generation to generation. There are times when they need to bear arms just to maintain society’s recognition. In some other situations, they have to compete for power and authority. This goes to say that power struggle is evident upon ethnic groups. This struggle turns into conflict when politics and religion join into the picture. If the government is not committed to providing a solution, this conflict persists. It is understandable why citizen to government tensions occur in states governed by the military. Often, this kind of government is strict and autocratic, the reason why the citizens could feel dissatisfied and oppressed (Art and Waltz 3). Since the one, which has power and authority, is the military, there is no other recourse but to unite and fight. The citizens,

Promoting Diversity and Inclusion in Health and Social Care

Promoting Diversity and Inclusion in Health and Social Care Sharon Heather Ferguson-Guy Promote equality and inclusion in health social care or children’s and young people’s setting Outcome 1 – Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion 1:1Â  Explain what is meant by: Diversity – the word diversity means a different and varied. In the United Kingdom you will find people are different and varied in lots of ways. For example, people who have originated from many different countries, people from different ethnic background, people of different genders with different sexual preferences, people with different values and beliefs, people with different interests and people from different economic backgrounds. We must try and create an environment so that everybody feels valued as a person. Equality – to have equal opportunities means having equal access to things that influence our quality of life and life prospects. To have a fairer society where all that wish too, can participate and have the opportunity to fulfil their wants and needs no matter what disabilities, gender, religion, sexual orientation, beliefs, race and cultural differerences. Inclusion – when individuals are included they often end up with a quality of life that is better than they would reasonably expect. Inclusion is when everyone gets a chance to participate and be part of the team. It is also to feel and be respected and to take part in activities no matter what disadvantages they may have. 1:2Â  Describe the potential effects of discrimination: The potential effects of discrimination are that individuals often end up with a quality of life for lower than they would reasonably expect. Historically discrimination has sometimes been a matter of life and death. In some countries and cultures some of the effects of discrimination, include individuals being generally treated as outsiders and second class citizens, or being subjected to physical attacks and verbal abuse or individuals could be denied education jobs or opportunities. Discrimination can be that of verbal abuse, humiliation, intimidation, and mistreatment. The effects of this can make the individual feel stressed, low self esteem, unwanted, angry, which leads to behaviour problems, feeling isolated, unable to cope, feeling depressed, guilty, anxiety, loss of confidence. The physical effects would in turn be that of changes of eating habits, weight loss, weight gain, poor appetite, headaches, and sleeplessness, lack of energy, communication problems, and deterioration of health. 1:3Â  Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity: Inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity so individuals often end up with a better quality of life. To promote equality and diversity and ensures that the user is treated as an individual so as not to be excluded so, to value any differences and embrace full potential of their own personal needs and wants. Every user have a personal care plan which has been put together and is all about them, no two care plans are the same so each have their own individual needs. So each user will be treated equally and by recognising their diversity when assessing their care plans. Outcome 2 – Work in an inclusive way 2:1Â  Explain how legislation and codes of practice relating to equality diversity and discrimination apply to your own work role The codes of practice that relate to my work role are as part of The Person Centred Care Approach. I must respect patients in terms of their religion or sexuality and treat all individuals equally. I am aware to uphold their human rights and make sure they are not being discriminated against. Below are the legislations that relate to my work role: The Equality Act 2010 is the law which bans unfair treatment and helps gain equal opportunities in the workplace. The act replaces anti-discrimination laws from before with a single act to make it simpler to rid of any inconsistencies. The act covers nine protected areas about treating people unfairly so it does not happen. They are: Disability Age Sex Sexual orientation Gender reassignment Religion or beliefs Race Pregnancy and maternity Marriage and civil partnership The Equality Act sets out to prevent unfair treatment in the workplace, the different ways in areas that people are treated unlawfully; it may be direct or indirect victimisation. Unfair treatment should be a thing of the past, but, it still goes on in today’s society. This law replaces: Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Employment Equality (Religion or Beliefs) Regulation 2003 Equal Pay Act 1976 The Race Relations Act 1976 The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Human rights Act 1998 – this has 16 basic rights that affect the aspects of human rights. There is also a Code of Practice which relates to my work role which is from the General Social Care Council (GSCC) Codes of Practice – it describes the standards and conduct for social care workers and employers. So I must: I am to be accountable for the quality of work that I do and to take responsibility for keeping up and improving my knowledge and skills. Encourage the independence of the patient while protecting them as far as possible from danger or harm. Protect the rights and promote the interest of patients and fellow colleagues. Respect the rights and choices of patients whilst making sure that their behaviour does not cause harm to themselves or other people. Maintain trust and confidence of patients and colleagues. Have the publics trust and confidence in social care services. The Care Standards Act 2000 – this regulates independent health and care sector, this is done by health authorities as well as the local authority which has been overtaken by the National Care Standards Commission (NCSC), this became responsible for registering and inspecting all care homes and private healthcare facilities in the UK. April 2004 this was replaced with Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI) and Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection (CHAI). On 1st April 2009 they were both amalgamated to introduce the Care Quality Commission (CQC), it became responsible for inspecting the quality and monitor care homes in England. Outcome 3 – Promote diversity equality and inclusion Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that promotes change I would report any discrimination to my manager and also try to point out to the individual in a tactful manner that their actions were not acceptable under current legislation. I would also encourage them to embrace diversity and treat everyone equally and promote a positive outcome.

Essay --

The One and Only The game of basketball has always been changing. Players go in and out of the NBA every season, adding their own style and achievements. However, no one has ever had greater accomplishments than Michael Jordan. He was destined to be an all-star his whole life and performed that way throughout his career despite many hardships. Michael Jordan is one of the greatest basketball players of all time. Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York, on February 17, 1963. He has two brothers, James Jr. and Larry, and two sisters, Deloris and Roslyn. He moved with his siblings and parents, James Sr. and Deloris, to Wilmington, North Carolina before he was one year old. He always loved to play sports as a boy. Although he played football and basketball as well, Jordan’s passion as a child was baseball. As a little league pitcher, he threw several no-hitters and led his team to as close as one game away from the Little League World Series. He was eventually named â€Å"Mr. Baseball† in his age group in 1975 by the Dixie Youth Baseball Association. Jordan’s talents continued to flourish as he transitioned into Laney High School in Wilmington. For one stretch, he had a 42-inning scoreless streak, a school record. Despite his outstanding achievements in baseball, he became extremely driven to excel as a basketball player. This was due to his older brother, Larr y, who beat him in a game. It seemed like a very simple reason, but it’s all he needed to become the best he could be. As a 5’ 9’’ sophomore at Laney High, Jordan tried out for the varsity basketball team. However, he was not good enough to make the team and was passed over for another sophomore, 6’ 8’’ Leroy Smith. Jordan was heartbroken and quoted: "It was embarrass... ...sted a year and a half. He took a short break in 2004 when he lent his name to a motorcycle racing team in order to create Michael Jordan Motorsports. However, he returned to the NBA in 2006 when he became part-owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. In March of 2010, he bought the team from majority owner Robert Johnson which gave him full ownership. He is still the owner to this day. It may be opinion, but Michael Jordan is considered the best player to ever play basketball. His career stats and six NBA championships put him much farther ahead in the record books than anyone else. He is a true inspiration to every basketball player across the globe and is an icon in the fashion and sports worlds. The entire game of basketball was revolutionized during his career as well. Michael Jordan’s stats and achievements prove he is one of the greatest players in basketball history.

An argument in favor of abortion supporting a womans right to freedom Essay

Is there ever a case, when one person’s religious preference should be allowed to encroach on another person’s right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness? Today many American’s justify their intrusion by siting Articles and Amendments to the Constitution of the United States.   In particular, they speak of the freedom of speech, religion, the right to bear arms, etc.   It seems as though the freedoms are only valuable when everyone shares the same beliefs, morals, and values.   But are these freedoms also guaranteed for those whose values may not be the same as the majority?   As American’s is it not possible to differ and hold different beliefs in pursuit of liberty?   What makes one person’s beliefs more valuable under the constitution than another person? A lot of people do not support abortion because they believe it is killing baby. When most abortions occur, which in the first trimester â€Å"†¦a cluster of cells or a less than half ounce fetus is not anywhere close to a definition of an actual baby.† (4) Scientists use the term fetus and not a baby because a baby â€Å"†¦could be born and survive outside the mother’s womb†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (4) and a fetus could not. A fetus is nowhere near ready to live outside the mother’s womb and â€Å" There is no real functioning brain, therefore no real humanity.† (4) So in reality abortions do not terminate babies, they terminate a fetus that could not survive outside the mother’s womb. Another reason people are not for abortion is that of religious beliefs. Some believe that terminating any form of life in the mother’s womb is wrong no matter the reason and â€Å"Those religiously opposed to abortion in the first two trimesters are free not to have them.†(9) Just because abortion is legal does not mean people are going to be forced to go out and participate in them. Abortion being legal does not impose on anyone’s rights or make anyone do anything they do not want to do. Therefore, if abortion goes against someone’s religious beliefs they are free not to go and get one. People who do not want abortion legalized talk about how it goes against their religion but what about the religion of the woman partaking in the abortion? Not everyone has the same beliefs or sees things the same as others. By trying to make abortion illegal it infringes on citizens rights. If â€Å"†¦my brothers and sisters in the United Church of Christ, who do not see the bible they way you see it, are free to make their own choices†¦ isn’t that freedom of religion too?† (9) People cannot talk about how abortion imposes on the pro-choices religion without talking about the religious freedom of the woman undergoing the procedure. If a woman’s beliefs tell her to do what is best for her The last topic is how making abortion illegal will take away a woman’s right by forcing her to stay pregnant. There are various reasons why a woman chooses to have an abortion. Whether it is because the woman is not ready for kids emotionally or financially, the baby was produced by rape or incest, or she simply just may not want kids and etc.   For people who are pro-choice â€Å"†¦ If your side ever wins, then my daughter and her daughter will be forced to stay pregnant, when their life circumstances†¦ would be much better served if they could safely terminate the fetus†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (7) So for people out there who are wanting abortion to illegal, in a sense, they want a woman to be forced to be pregnant even if that is not what is best for the woman. If abortion stays legal â€Å" we haven’t forced your daughter or her daughter after her, to do anything against their will.† (7) By keeping abortion legal no one’s rights will be infringed on a nd no one is forced to do anything they do not want to do. The same cannot be said if abortion was made illegal. In conclusion, abortions do not terminate babies it terminates fetuses. If abortion goes against someone’s religious beliefs they are free not to have them but do not forget about the religious freedom of the woman undergoing the abortion. People who do not support abortion will never be forced to do something against their will whether its legal or illegal but making abortion illegal will force a woman to stay pregnant against their will. These were just a few reasons why I think abortion should stay legal.