Impact of Temperature on Viscosity of Liquid

Impact of Temperature on Viscosity of Liquid INTRODUCTION    Hydrodynamics, as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the branch of physics that deals with the motion of fluids, and the forces acting on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in motion relative to them (2017). The study of fluids originated in Ancient Greece, was coupled with the works of Persian philosophers in Medieval times, and eventually, with many contributions made by scientists such as Archimedes, Leonardo Da Vinci and Isaac Newton, was developed into the branch of fluid dynamics that exists today (WiseGeek, 2017). Any substance can be classed as a fluidif it changes shape uniformly in response to external forces. Many characteristics of such a substance include; pressure, temperature, mass, density and viscosity (Washington.edu, 2017). The term viscosity is defined as a fluids resistance to flow in relation to its inner molecular structure, and is largely affected by temperature (Viscopedia, 2017). As the temperature of a fluid increases, so does the thermal/kinetic energy of its liquid molecules, which results in increased amounts of movement as the particles begin to move faster. Due to this increased amount of movement, the attractive binding energy of the fluid is reduced, consequently decreasing the fluids resistance to flow (Azom, 2013). This principle is demonstrated in the following theoretical figures, which depict the relationship between the temperatures and viscosities of various fluids:          From using the known viscosities of fluids at various temperatures, and developing functions that model these relationships in programs such as Microsoft Excel or on a graphics calculator, the approximate viscosity of a liquid at any temperature can be found by substituting values for temperature into the relevant formula. An example of this process is seen below: As seen in Figure 1, the equation that models the relationship between temperature and viscosity of water is y = 1.5396e-0.018x. If the temperature of the water was 4à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. y = 1.5396e-0.018x y = 1.5396e-0.018 x 4 y = 1.433 mPas Therefore, the viscosity of the water at 4à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C is 1.433 mPas. Viscosity is also what causes an object to slow as it travels through a fluid, and is one component in the phenomenon of drag force, the retarding force that acts opposite to the direction of motion of a body or object. The drag force of any object is dependent on the viscosity of the fluid it travels through, velocity of the object, reference area of the object, and the drag coefficient. The following formula can be used to calculate the total drag force acting upon an object (Wikipedia, 2017): Where: = Drag force (N), = Mass density of fluid (mPas), = Flow speed of object relative to fluid (ms-1), = Drag coefficient (no units), A = Reference area (m2) A worked example of this calculation with assumed and exact values is modelled below: Assume that for a flat surfaced mass travelling through water at 4à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. mPas = 0.3ms-1 0.82 A = 2.5 x 10-4 The values are then substituted into the drag force formulaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Therefore the drag force of the mass travelling through water at 4à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C is approximately 4.6125 x 10-5N. One component of this force, as represented by in the drag force equation, is a drag coefficient (The Free Dictionary, 2017). As stated in The Physics of Sailing by Ryan M. Wilson (2010), intuitively, the drag should depend linearly on the density of the fluid in which the body is immersed (because force depends linearly on mass) and linearly on the area of the body that is exposed to the flow because the volume of fluid that must be displaced as the body moves through it is proportional to this area. A range of calculated drag coefficients for various shapes can be seen in Figure 3. It can therefore be concluded that the lower the drag coefficient of an object, the lower the amount of drag force that occurs as it travels through a fluid (Brock University, 2017). As seen in Figure 2, the drag coefficient of an object is reliant on its shape. It can be concluded that a mass with a flat reference area will travel almost two times slower than that with a spherical reference area. A conical reference area will cause an object to fall slightly slower than a spherical mass, but faster than one with a flat reference area. Theoretically, as deducted from Figure 2, it is concluded that a mass with a spherical reference area will travel faster than one with either a conical and flat surfaced reference area, the latter of these theoretically having the slowest time of fall through a liquid out of the three. Although many different fields of study incorporate knowledge of drag forces and viscosity, arguably one of the most important applications is found within the engineering of ships and the design of the hulls, specifically in relation to sailing competitions such as the Americas Cup. As one of the largest sailing races in the world, this competition has strict guidelines for ship design, consequently meaning that vessel engineers must find the best combinations (of measurements) to create the fastest ship possible (Krepal, 2014). When building, engineers must be familiar with the environmental sailing conditions of the race in order to build the most suitable hull with the least amount of drag this is determined in regards to the temperature of the sea and its viscosity. As calculating viscosity is a complex procedure, ship engineers often refer to data such as seen in Figure 2 to determine aspects of ship design. In regards to the speed of the ship, it can be concluded from previous knowledge on drag force that the lower the drag coefficient of a vessel, the easier it is for it to break through the water, overcoming shear force and resulting in a faster travelling time (Krepal, 2014). When unknown, the drag force formula can be rearranged to find the drag coefficient; however, often these values are computed from graphical designs of the ship as the phenomenon of drag force is dependent on many variables. Testing on model ships is also performed to determine how vessels will travel under different conditions (Mecaflux, 2013). HYPOTHESIS Based on the previous research, the hypothesis for this experiment is that: If a body is falling in a liquid, then i) the lower the viscosity of the liquid, which decreases as temperature increases, the faster will be the rate of fall of the object, and ii) the lower the drag coefficient of the body, the smaller its drag force will be, as the velocity of an object as it travels through a fluid is inversely proportional to the amount of resistance it encounters. METHOD The supplies needed 1L glass measuring cylinder, 2L water, 2kg honey, 2L canola oil, 3 x 53g cylindrical masses with different reference areas of the same 0.9cm radius (flat, spherical, streamlined/conical), a Thermomix, thermometer, a logbook and pencil, and a video recording device. All measurements and data were to be collected and stored in a logbook and on the video recording device. A risk assessment form was completed before the commencement of the experiment, in order to recognise any potential hazards regarding the equipment that was to be used. It was identified that any device used to heat up the liquids, and the hot liquids themselves, had potential to burn the person completing the experiment, and it was possible for the glass cylinder to topple over and shatter as it was filled with each liquid. Covered shoes were worn during the experimental procedures to protect the feet from any falling objects and glass, and care was taken when using heating devices and handling ho t liquids. As the hypothesis was written in two parts, there were two variables that remained constant depending on the experimental procedure (independent variables) the first was the temperature/viscosity of each liquid, and the second was the reference area of the masses travelling through each. The dependent variable in both was the velocity of the object. The equipment was set up for the experiment as depicted in Figure 6. 1L of each liquid was placed in the fridge and cooled to 5à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C. 1L of the first liquid, water, was heated in the Thermomix to 37à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C and then poured into the glass cylinder. The flat ended mass was dropped from the 1L mark, and its fall was timed and recorded on the video recording device. The object was then extracted from the bottom of the cylinder, and this process was repeated two more times. The flat ended mass was then removed, and the same procedure was performed again for both the spherical and conical shaped masses. After these tests were completed, the water was poured back into the Thermomix and was heated to 50à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C. Once at temperature, the water was again poured into the cylinder, and the previously stated processes were repeated for each mass. After these tests were completed, the water was poured into the Thermomix. The chilled water from the fridge was then take n out, checked with a thermometer to be at 4à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C, and poured into the cylinder for testing. The previously stated processes for each mass were repeated. After all of the masses had been dropped into the water at all three temperatures, the water was disposed of, and the experimental space cleaned up to prepare for the next round of testing. All results were recorded into various tables in the logbook, and later graphed for analysis. The second liquid, canola oil, was heated in the Thermomix to 35à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C and then poured into the glass cylinder. The previously stated procedures were repeated. All results were recorded into a table, and later graphed for analysis. The third liquid, honey, was heated in the Thermomix to 35à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C and then poured into the glass cylinder. The previously stated procedure was repeated. All results were recorded into a table, and later graphed for analysis. In this experiment, it is noted that apart from that which were independent and dependant, all other variables were controlled, consequently meaning that every aspect of the testing remained consistent. These controlled variables included the positioning of the glass cylinder and video recording device, the dropping point of the masses, the weight of the small masses used, the radius of the masses, the distance each mass fell, the type of oil and honey used, etc. By controlling all other variables, the results recorded from the testing become more accurate. RESULTS (HYPOTHESIS PART 1) CALCULATED VALUES FOR VISCOSITY By using the formulas generated from the Excel graphs in Figure 1, which model the relationships between the viscosity and temperature of each liquid, and substituting in the experimental temperatures for x (4, 37 and 50), the empirical viscosities of each fluid at different temperatures were calculated. The tables and graphs of these results follow, with all calculations performed recorded in the logbooks. WATER Temperature (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Viscosity (mPas) 4 1.433 37 0.791 50 0.626 y = 1.5396e-0.018x CANOLA OIL y = 186.16e-0.049x Temperature (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Viscosity (mPas) 4 153.026 37 30.375 50 16.064 HONEY y = 138468e-0.117x Temperature (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Viscosity (mPas) 4 86716.073 37 1825.108 50 398.774 Water Flat Surfaced Mass Temperature of Fluid (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Time of Fall (s) 4 0.41 0.62 0.81 0.61 37 0.62 0.50 0.50 0.54 50 0.66 0.60 0.69 0.65 Spherical Mass Temperature of Fluid (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Time of Fall (s) 4 0.91 0.68 0.37 0.65 37 0.53 0.59 0.55 0.56 50 0.43 0.62 0.60 0.55 Conical Mass Temperature of Fluid (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Time of Fall (s) 4 0.40 0.57 0.54 0.50 37 0.78 0.50 0.62 0.63 50 0.59 0.50 0.43 0.51 Canola Oil Temperature of Fluid (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Time of Fall (s) 4 0.60 0.55 0.65 0.60 37 0.62 0.69 0.58 0.63 50 0.49 0.52 0.46 0.49 Flat Surfaced Mass Spherical Mass Temperature of Fluid (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Rate of Fall (s) 4 0.63 0.59 0.69 0.636667 37 0.56 0.56 0.53 0.55 50 0.45 0.46 0.42 0.443333 Conical Mass Temperature of Fluid (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Rate of Fall (s) 4 0.67 0.53 0.43 0.543333 37 0.46 0.49 0.38 0.443333 50 0.36 0.45 0.39 0.4 Honey Flat Surfaced Mass Temperature of Fluid (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Rate of Fall (s) 4 2040 2257.2 2008.2 2101.8 37 498.6 489 508.2 498.6 50 84 91.2 95.4 90.2 Spherical Mass Temperature of Fluid (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Rate of Fall (s) 4 1428 1537.2 1362.6 1442.6 37 362.4 370.2 389.4 374 50 72 70.8 73.8 72.2 Conical Mass Temperature of Fluid (à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Rate of Fall (s) 4 1188 1135.2 1305 1209.4 37 307.2 305.4 320.4 311 50 66.6 65.4 67.2 66.4 HYPOTHESIS PART 2 CALCULATED DRAG FORCES Worked Example: Flat surfaced mass travelling through water at 4 °C mPas = 0.2916 ms-1 0.82 A = 2.545 x 10-4 The values are then substituted into the drag force formulaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ WATER: TEMPERATURE ( °C) DRAG FORCE (Nx10-5) Flat 4 4.3600 37 3.0830 50 1.6840 Spherical 4 3.9480 37 2.9358 50 2.4084 Conical 4 132.3700 37 46.0270 50 55.5820 CANOLA OIL: TEMPERATURE ( °C) DRAG FORCE (Nx10-5) Flat 4 483.020 37 86.971 50 76.033 Spherical 4 434.850 37 116.860 50 96.567 Conical 4 12120.000 37 3620.000 50 2320.000 HONEY: TEMPERATURE ( °C) DRAG FORCE (Nx10-5) Flat 4 0.0223060 37 0.0083423 50 0.0556950 Spherical 4 0.0485340 37 0.0151850

Free Process Essays - How to Procrastinate :: Free Expository Process Essays

How to Procrastinate Have you ever heard friends or family members brag about how productive they were that day, or week, or month? Those people really bother me. And it's because I can never get anything done; it takes me a long time to accomplish the simplest tasks. I pride myself in being a grade A procrastinator. My three specific examples will help anyone perfect the arts of wasting time and procrastination. Then you can brag about how extremely unproductive you were today. I am not a super messy person, but I don't necessarily keep my room clean all the time, either. Many a time I have opted to put away my clothes, clean out my binder and my backpack, make my lunch for the next day, and/or take a shower before I get to my homework. Doing all these activities takes a while, and I usually end up doing all of them on nights when I have a lot of homework, or if I have a test the next day. Any type of cleaning or household chore would work, though, such as scrubbing the shower, vacuuming, or dusting. Another great way to waste time is to daydream. I can sit for fifteen minutes or more before I realize that I should be doing something else. I usually think about something that happened that day, and then imagine an alternate ending. Or I will imagine calling someone on the phone, and play out the entire conversation in my head. Sometimes I look out the window and look at all the trees, clouds, squirrels, or even the grass in my backyard. This is a great procrastination method when combined with a simple cleaning task, like cleaning out a backpack. The best way to procrastinate is to interact with other people. That way you can lay part of the blame on someone else: "Well, Mom was talking to me about something important. I couldn't just walk away." I prefer to talk on the phone to friends who go to schools far away. We usually don't talk too often, so when we do, we have to make it count. For those that who don't want to spend a mountain of money on phone bills, any kind of messaging system on the Internet is a great way to communicate.

Mia philippines Essay

The Philippines was first put on the map by Portuguese adventurer Magellan working for the Spanish throne on March 16, 1521. The Philippines had become a Spanish colony and was the first country to be named after a sovereign, Phillip II of Spain.1 Spanish rule had continued until 1898 when the Philippines had become an American colony following the Spanish-American War for the stately sum of $20 million. In 1942 during WWII, the Philippines had fallen under Japanese occupation and was liberated by American and Filipino forces under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur in a fiercely contested battle that raged on between 1944 and 1945. The Philippines had attained its independence on July 4, 1946, and had a functioning democratic system. 2 The Philippines Archipelago consisted of 7,100 islands, covering an area of 299,735 square kilometers and was slightly larger than Arizona. The capital city of Manila was situated on the largest Philippine island of Luzon (see Exhibit 1). The Philippines had a gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of $3,400.3 The percentage of the population of the Philippines living below US$2 a day was 45.2 per cent in 2006.4 PHILIPPINE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Research conducted in 2009 showed that the Philippines was ranked 140th for ease of doing business and 155th for starting a business, out of a total of 178 countries. It took on average 15 procedures and a total of 52 days to complete business startup procedures in the Philippines compared to six procedures and 44.2 days and 5.8 procedures and 13.4 days for the same process in Asia and Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, respectively.5 The Philippines had the second lowest savings and investment as share of GDP ratio in Asia6 (see Exhibit 2). PHILIPPINE FISHING INDUSTRY The Philippines has total territorial waters of 2.2 million square kilometers, of which coastal waters comprise 266,000 square kilometers and coastal reef area (10 to 20 fathoms deep, where reef fishing takes place) comprise 27,000 square kilometers.7 In 2003, the Philippines ranked eighth among the top fish-producing countries in the world with its total production of 3.62 million metric tons of fish, crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic plants (including seaweed). The production constituted 2.5 per cent of the total world production of 146.27 million metric tons.8 The fishing industry’s contribution to the country’s GDP was 2.3 per cent and 4.2 per cent, at current and constant prices, respectively. The industry employed a total of 1,614,368 fishing operators nationwide,9 of which the artisanal fisheries sector accounted for 1,371,676.10 Artisanal fishing operations were typically family-based and used smaller craft. There were a total of 469,807 fishing boats in the Philippines, of which 292,180 were non-motorized and 177,627 were motorized.11 Fish was not only an important source of nutrition, but as fishing did not require landownership or special permits it was an employment of last resort for people who had no other means of subsistence. MIA, DENMARK MIA was established in Denmark in 1975 by wealthy businessman Hagen Nordstrom, who dedicated the NGO to his wife Mia and made fighting poverty his life’s work. (MIA stood for â€Å"beloved† in Danish.) MIA had initially focused solely on poverty-alleviating projects in Africa and had expanded its operations to Latin America and the Caribbean only in the early 1990s. The grandson of Nordstrom, Gillis Nordstrom, had taken over as MIA chairman in 2004 on the eve of the Bander Aceh Tsunami of December 26, 2004, which devastated Southeast Asia and killed as many as 130,000 people.12 Nordstrom had taken initiative and redirected MIA to focus on disaster recovery and poverty alleviation projects in Southeast Asia. MIA had established an office in Manila in January 2006, and the young Danish development economist Borje Petersen was hired to manage the MIA Philippines office. Petersen was paid a starting salary of $75,000 a year plus housing, slightly below average for a comparable development economist position. Petersen knew that MIA’s attention was focused on Indonesia and Malaysia, which had been the hardest hit by the tsunami, and was anxious to carve out a position for MIA Philippines by designing an exceptional project. As the expansion into Asia was the pet project of MIA’s chairman, Petersen felt assured that funding would be easily appropriated and even expedited. Petersen knew that the average overseas posting for a development economist for MIA was two years and had quickly established contact with local and international stakeholders and set up numerous meetings with large development project counterparts such as the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and the German development aid organization GFZ to get an expedited understanding of the Philippines and its unique needs. Based on the initial research, Petersen had decided that, whereas an agricultural project would be feasible, it would take a long time to realize and the outcome could be complicated given the Philippines’ proneness to be hit by typhoons. Petersen’s research had revealed that small-scale aquaculture projects had been successfully implemented in the Philippines in the past. However, there were hardly any projects to speak of directed at artisanal fishing and picking up on the vested opportunity and his desire to deliver fast results and prove himself worthy of the task that MIA and its chairman demanded, he had chosen to design a project helping artisanal fishermen. Petersen had researched the possibility of helping a fishing village close to Manila and the search for the ideal village had come to a successful ending when MIA’s driver, Vicente Tubo, had mentioned how some of his distant cousins fished for a living in a fishing village seven to nine hours by car from Manila. A factfinding mission to the village Barangay San Hagon was undertaken and the village was thus chosen as the beneficiary of MIA’s pilot project in the Philippines. BARANGAY SAN HAGON Barangay San Hagon boasted 125 households and had a resident population of 625. San Hagon lay on the south coast of Luzon, the largest island of the Philippines. The Barangay was the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and stemmed from the Spanish â€Å"Barrio.†13 Barangay San Hagon was administered by a local government unit (LGU) and consisted of seven Barangay council members and a chairman. The chairman of Barangay San Hagon was Rafael Buenaventura, age 59, who had held office for more than a decade. Fishing villages in the Philippines were very vulnerable to external risk, especially natural calamities such as typhoons, flooding and fish kills, which severely affected their financial situation.

The Battle Of The Punic Wars - 3659 Words

Introduction The Punic Wars were a defining moment in the expansion of the Roman Republic, with the Second Punic War (218 – 201 BC (Grant, 1960)) playing the part of a corner stone in the bridge to create the powerful Roman Empire. Moreover, this was the first time that Rome had expanded into territories outside of Italy which was pivotal in the development of the Roman Republic, and furthermore the Rome Empire, as it marks the beginning of an imperial Roman power (Rickard, 2001). Accordingly, this war has captured great interest as it triggered a number of significant modifications to the Roman Republic. This war between the Romans and their most powerful enemies, the Carthaginians, incurred devastating losses on both sides, with the Romans eventually rising to victory. Following their victory, the Roman Republic was almost geographically unrecognisable and had been moulded by the Second Punic War into the â€Å"super-powered Empire of the Mediterranean† (UNRV History, Results of the Second Punic War, 2015). This investigation aims to explore to what extent the most significant outcome of the Second Punic War was the changes in social hierarchy within the Roman army. In order to examine whether the impact on the Roman army following the Second Punic War was the most significant outcome, other key outcomes must also be assessed, such as peace treaties, territorial gains and the destruction of Rome’s greatest enemy: Carthage. At the onset of the war, however, a CarthaginianShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Punic Wars2439 Words   |  10 PagesThe Punic Wars, a century-long conflict between Rome and Carthage started in 264 B.C. and continued until 146 B.C. when Carthage gets destroyed. 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If an outsider such as Italy, Carthage, or Greece make threats towards Rome, Rome will simply fight. The Punic Wars lasted in 3 stages, all resulting to the obsessive pride and higher standings of Rome. Rome’s initialRead MoreAncient Carthage Vs. Rome1320 Words   |  6 PagesCà ¡rthage. I would argue that while Rome was ultimately the greater military power, Cà ¡rthage from a geopolitical and commercial viewpoint was equally, if not more successful than Rome in the same period of time leading up to the start of the first Punic war (264 BCE). Origins The cities of Cà ¡rthage and Rome were founded within one hundred years of each other. Jona Lendering suggests that carbon dating conducted in the 1990s, traces the founding of Cà ¡rthage to the last quarter of ninth century BCE (2015)

Friendships An Important Part Of Everyday Life - 3613 Words

Scott Owen Chappuis MC 6300 Dr. Itay Gabay May 6, 2015 Friendships are an important part of everyday life. The vast amount of research focusing on friendship (i.e., Fehr, 1996; Hays, 1984; Argyle Henderson, 1985) is indicative of just how important friendship is to everyday life. The importance and necessity of friendship is also evident by how these relationships are portrayed on television. Shows such as Friends, Cougartown, Psych, and How I Met Your Mother portray various different kinds of friendship. Shows such as these provide viewers with a unique opportunity to be able to be an observer in these relationships and to see how these relationships form and develop. In some instances, viewers may have the opportunity to watch a friendship begin and blossom throughout the course of a television series. This study focuses on how friendships are developed and maintained in the American television comedy How I Met Your Mother. While research focusing on friendship is ever present, little research examines how these friendships are portrayed in television. Some may argue that relationships on television are not real and, therefore, do not warrant being studied. However, studying these relationships may be beneficial, as it may allow individuals an opportunity to learn how other relationships are maintained. In order to understand how the friendships are maintained, the researcher focused on the portrayal of friendship rituals. Quantitative content analysis was utilized inShow MoreRelatedIn Emerging Adulthood, Many People Experience The Need1392 Words   |  6 Pagespeople experience the need to share their personal life with someone else. Erikson name for this crisis is intimacy versus isolation and emerging adults and many older adults know this feeling very well (Berger, 2014, p. 5 51). 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Traffic Along The South- Centre Iraq And East West...

trade movements. The traffic along the South- Centre Iraq and East-West Corridors is being served by Expressway No.1 with 1250 km long, the rote 2 sections and 10 parts; Southern with 510 km Western with 455 km. This corridor is considerate as one of the longest routes in the Middle East and one of the most important highways in Iraq. †¢ Most of the expressway adjacent land along the road is owned by the Government, except some farms and installations owned by private. There are 176 official and private installations and adjoining to this expressway; many of them are assembling randomly on the right of way. These installations include; Police posts, Army posts, check points, Commercial (stand-alone) privately owned rest areas. Formal rest areas with integrated services, Small and fragmented shops, some of which are informal and unlicensed and farms or state leased lands. †¢ Most of the installations include medium or bad partial services like restaurants and shops. Many restaurants moved from the city to the area of the express way to follow traffic. In fact, Informal and illegal service stations are now dominating service delivery and they are very close to road and cannot be moved back because of obstacles behind it parking, especially of trucks needs management and repair. Most of the parking of trucks is obstructing movement and activities. The installation along the way slows traffic unnecessarily on a high speed Expressway, distracts drivers, and in effect removesShow MoreRelatedOutline Of A Re Deficiencies1418 Words   |  6 Pagesdeficiencies. [4] [7] About 50 % of Iraq’s imports come through its North-South corridor and enter through the Ibrahim El Khalil on the northern border, from Europe, Russia and Central Asia via Turkey. Most Asian imports are transshipped at Dubai and use the port of Um Qassr to access the South-North corridor to reach Baghdad [1][5].This part of the corridor accounts for about 25% of total imports. The East-West corridors carry about 25 % of the imports coming from Europe, Africa and Asia throughRead MoreCrossing The Western Desert Of Iraq1008 Words   |  5 Pagescrossing the western desert of Iraq to the Euphrates. The stony desert carries only a sparse herb growth, and only in the valley where there are temporary pools and springs is there more abundant vegetation. The Expressway No. 1 passes 2 km to the North of the ecologically important site boundary within the Mesopotamian Shrub Desert Ecoregion of the Habbaniyah Lake. Sand dunes are very common which cause many accidents; there should be special equipment at Al Rutbah Centre to avoid these accidents. [38]Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesindustry. IKEA – quality and low prices at the Swedish furniture giant News Corporation – corporate logic and corporate management in a worldwide media business. CRH – impressive international growth of an Irish company driven from a ‘lean’ corporate c entre. Numico – difficulties with diversification for a Dutch nutritional products company. AIB – competing in the global banking industry: the challenges for a mid-size bank. SABMiller – an African brewer takes on the world: learning to thrive in difficultRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagessimilar or different configurations. They might find, for example, that however the maps are drawn up, some companies always tend to end up in the same groups. In other words, some companies may have a very similar set of strategic characteristics along many dimensions. †¢ 43  © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Instructor’s Manual †¢ Students are asked to examine the strategic group maps to see if there are any underpopulatedRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pageswhilst xii P R E FA C E the new competition is frequently far less predictable and often more desperate than previously. At the same time, the marketing environment has also been affected by a series of unpredictable events (SARS and the Iraq war are just two of the more recent of these), and by the emergence of new technologies and delivery systems. Together, these changes have led to a new type of marketing reality which has major implications for the marketing planning and strategy processesRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesto the workers, and each individual worker performs a single task along the production line. Even today cars are still built using this system, as evidenced in the photo of workers along a modern-day computerized automobile assembly line. Jones−George: Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition I. Management 2. The Evolution of Management Thought  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2005 19 42 Chapter Two task along a production line, and the speed of the conveyor belt is the primary

7 ps with reference to Taj Hotels free essay sample

This gracious turn-of-the century hotel is located 32 km from the airport and minutes away from Mumbais commercial, shopping and banking districts. The Taj Mahal Hotel has an old-world Heritage Wing and a contemporary Tower Wing. The hotels premium suites have been used by royalty and Heads of State. Taj believes that the their core product is space. This space is supplemented with the services they provide like the restaurants, health club, banquets, discotheque, bar, business centers etc. Their other supplementary products also include travel arrangements, ticketing, airport pick-ups, sightseeing etc. The hotels various other departments like the house keeping, front office, food and beverage, room service and maintenance, all provide the supplementary services to the customer. A few of the Facilities and Services offered are as follows:- Types of Accommodation 582 centrally air-conditioned rooms including 49 suites. Tower Wing Rooms: With easy access to the Business Centre, these contemporary rooms offer guest amenities like Internet connectivity, 2-line speaker phones with international direct dial facility and voice mail. Mini bar, personal safe, channel music and television with satellite programmes. A complimentary in-room fax can be provided on request. Guests have a choice of rooms that overlook the city or face the Gateway of India and the Arabian Sea. Heritage Wing Rooms: These rooms are renowned for their architecture and exude an aura of old-world elegance. Each corridor in this Wing resembles an art gallery, and the design, decor and furnishing ensure that no two rooms are alike. Guests have a choice of rooms that overlook the city or pool or face the Gateway of India and the Arabian Sea. Taj Club: Located on the top floors of the Heritage Wing, Taj Club is designed for the discerning business traveler. Guest amenities and services include complimentary airport limousine transfers, private check-in at the Club desk, in-room fax, personal safe, a complimentary bottle of wine, valet service and complimentary deluxe Continental breakfast. Taj Club guests can also enjoy complimentary tea/coffee throughout the day and cocktails during the Cocktail Hour at the Club Lounge. Taj Club also offers guests exclusive Meeting Rooms and a Business Service Unit on the Club Floor. Suites: Choose from elegantly appointed Junior Suites, Executive Suites, tastefully decorated Large Suites, newly renovated Luxury Suites or spacious, plush Grand Luxe Suites. The finest suites at The Taj Mahal are the luxuriously appointed Presidential Suites. Each of these suites is decorated with original paintings and antiques that transport guests into a world of regal luxury and grandeur. Grand Luxe and Presidential Suite guests can also avail of a personal Valet Service. Broadband wireless Internet access at select Taj hotels Now when you stay at select Taj hotels in Mumbai (including The Taj Mahal Hotel), New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad, you no longer need to be in your room or at the Business Centre to use the Internet. Multiple hot spots located across the hotels lets you get onto the Internet from almost any place in the hotel quickly and without plugging in! Whats more, there is a Cyber Butler on call, should you need any assistance with getting connected. Facilities and Services Swimming pool, fitness centre and spa, beauty parlour, barber shop, travel desk, car rental, pastry shop, book shop, shopping arcade, currency exchange, doctor-on-call and babysitting. Complimentary use of steam, Jacuzzi and gymnasium at the fitness centre for all guests. Arrangements for golf, badminton, squash, billiards, tennis and table tennis on request. 24-hour room service and laundry service Place and Time As far as place is concerned, all the Taj services and facilities are provided at one point. To ensure timely delivery of their services, they have set processes in place and incase of failure or delay of service, they have built in contingencies and trained their staff to communicate the delay to the customer in the right manner. One of the incidents that Mr. Vivek Sah, the Training Manager at Taj provided us with to explain this concept further is of the implementation of the contingency plan during the breakdown of the elevator. In case of breakdown of the elevator, the Room Service makes use of the elevator in the other wing to ensure timely delivery to the customer. They also have complaint management systems where they encourage customer feedback. Each of their feedback form is numbered and hence if any feedback form is missing, the staff is held liable for it. This is to ensure that the management views every feedback form. To ensure standadization in their services, they have Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), e. g the food that is served in the restaurant will be of the same quality and taste at any given day and time. Process In order to ensure that the core product and the supplementary product is developed and delivered in the right manner and at the right time, the hotel has formed certain set processes. When the room is being prepared for customer check-in , the house-keeping department make sure that all the room amenities are provided as per the check list. For e. g. certain room amenities like 3 embroidered laundry bags, 2 closed slippers with logo, 2 shoe bags, etc. are provided by The Taj Mahal Hotel. Infact the processes are so specifically laid down that hotel staff are even advised on what to say and what words to use while talking to a customer. The following example will illustrate this better. When a customer asks for something to be done instead of saying â€Å"no problem, the staff is taught to say ‘ most certainly’. The Taj Blueprint When the service provider comes in contact with the customer, he needs to surpass the customer’s expectations, for which a blue print is made and followed by the service provider, in this case the Taj Mahal Hotel. Dinner Service Sequence Procedure 1 Greet Guests Entrance Host(ess) / Manager 2 Smile using appropriate salutation,correct posture,eye-contact and guest name where possible. Entrance Host(ess) / Manager 3 Smoking/Non-smoking preference to be confirmed. Entrance Host(ess) / Manager 4 Assist guests to their seats. Restaurant Host(ess) / Manager 5 Unfold the napkins, ladies first Restaurant Captain 6 Suggest the Dinner buffet, and describe the buffet highlights specials etc. Table Captain / Manager 7 Present the food menu along with the beverage list/ wine menu, if A La Carte is desired by the guest. Suggest daily specials and advice non availability`s, prior to food orders. Table Captain / Manager 8 Suggest bottled water and offer wine by glass. Table Captain 9 For wine service, appropriate glassware to be present on the table. Table Captain / Server 10 For all orders, serve ladies first Table Captain / Server 11 Clear plates accordingly before guests return after second helping from buffet. Table Captain / Server 12 For A La Carte orders, plates to be cleared only after all complete their meal. Table Captain / Server 13 Replenish the cuttlery accordingly. Table Captain / Server 14 Napkins to be folded neatly in half and placed on the left arm-chair, when guests leave for second helping. Table Captain / Server 15 For A La Carte orders, offer dessert menu and describle items. Table Captain / Server 16 Offer tea / coffee after entree and side plates are cleared. Table Captain / Server 17 Always maintain table top clean, before resetting the table Table Captain / Server 18 Place bill folder with cheque on table for signature, as per guest convinience Table Captain / Server 19 Thank all guests using their names respectively. Table Captain / Server / Host(ess) / Manager 20 Bid farewell. Restaurant Captain / Server / Host(ess) / Manager 21 Upon guest departure, clear table immediately. Table Captain / Server Productivity The Taj as a hotel does not compare itself to only Indian hotels, but even with the hotels internationally as it claims to have â€Å"World Class Quality†. In order to ensure that its inputs are transformed into desired outputs, they provide extensive training to their employees irrespective of the field they come from. The Taj Mahal hotel has various quality tools to enhance quality. This involves every department, as they have to make sure that the raw material as well as the finished product is of top quality. At The Taj, it is the responsibility of the purchase department to make sure that the raw materials are purchased at the Right Time, Right Place, Right Cost and from the Right Source, in order to avoid any hindrances in their productivity and quality. Taj has developed enormous credibility in terms of trustworthiness being the oldest brand of hotels, with the reputation of being World class and honest service provider. Security, Communication and understanding the customer psychology are special assets the Taj management has mastered with time. People People here mean the customers, employees, management and the society. It is the final customer who is to be satisfied and this can be done only with the help of the employees, who are directed and guided by the management. In the end the final motive of Taj is to provide consistently and relentlessly an Indian experience of warmth and hospitality by anticipating and exceeding guest expectations. They also provide various customer services such as ‘The Taj Inner Circle Group’, ‘Taj Advantage’ and ‘Taj Epicure’. In order to ensure the productivity of their employees they provide them with various facilities such as medical help, consultation, traveling facilities, perks and bonuses. The employers here each have their own lockers in which they keep their uniforms and other belongings, they also have bunkers with small beds so that the employees working in shifts can catch some sleep if need be. In spite of the fact that human resources management is such an integral part of the service industry of which hotels form a major part, its role has begun to be acknowledged only recently. The Taj Group of Hotels is probably one of the first Indian hotel chains to have recognised and respected the significance of HR in the hospitality industry. Says K S Srinivasan, GM-corporate human resources, The Taj Mahal Hotel, Mumbai, â€Å"Functions like sales, marketing and HR are not hotel-specific, unlike those of chefs, housekeepers, bartenders, stewards and the like. They are, in fact, common to all businesses. † He asserts that HR, as a function, is like a partner in the business in any organisation and not a stand-alone function. It is the key to effective utilisation of the manpower that the hotel industry is so dependent on. And the Indian hotel industry is among the most labour intensive since the number of people serving guests is the maximum here. It is precisely for this reason that the significance of HR requires to be appreciated. It is not merely monetary rewards that employees seek today; the intriguing aspect is the learning experience that the job promises. â€Å"It is precisely with this very thought in mind that the Taj Group of Hotels, a Tata enterprise and one of the oldest hotel chains in the country, decided on a training programme for the operations trainees,† explains Srinivasan. Interactive sessions between the Taj management and the director of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), a Tata educational and research institution, led to an interesting and comprehensive tailor-made course curriculum being chalked out. Thus was born the ‘Taj TISS HR Associate Programme’, a one-year course comprising four modules that are designed to give equal importance to and impart balanced knowledge of both the theoretical and the practical aspects of all HR-related functions of the hotel industry. After finalising the course details, the Taj made announcements about the course, offering interested trainees with two to three years of work experience an opportunity to apply. The response was encouraging and five trainees were shortlisted for the first batch of the training programme. Each of the four modules have four sections. The first stage consists of theoretical lessons, providing a sound background to the practical application of the knowledge required of them in the second stage. In the third stage, the students return to the Institute and their performance is evaluated by professors of TISS. In the fourth and final stage, grades are awarded. While practical training sessions for the first three modules have been organised at the Taj hotels across the country, the fourth modules practical sessions had students of the first batch working in Tata companies such as TISCO and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). â€Å"This gave them a wider scope and more exposure, besides making them realise that HR skills in a service-specific industry like the hotels are much more challenging than their application in the manufacturing or any other industry,† observed Srinivasan. He said he himself had started off in the manufacturing industry and only later did he move over to the service industry. â€Å"I have been in the industry for over a decade now and am well-set here,† he added. The key to retaining staff and ensuring the success of any business organisation lies with the HR department and its effective functioning. Any organisation, including hotels, incur heavy expenditure on their employees, especially between the time of recruitment and the employees’ acquisition of the skills imparted during their training. It can be inferred, therefore, that a high employee turnover rate lowers the efficiency of the staff as a whole owing to their constant on-the-job training and skill enhancement. â€Å"An organisation must be able to create for itself a unique place and image in the minds of the employees, both present and prospective. This enables the employees to aspire to be a part of the organisation, giving it their very best,† says Srinivasan. â€Å"Though the training programme has and will continue to cost us money, we believe that it is truly worthy investment,† he added. â€Å"The Taj group,† says Srinivasan, â€Å"is an expanding organisation and we are a people-oriented company. What we need are people who can match our organisational standards. We are also looking to create and ensure a constant supply of good quality HR professionals, which is why we decided to impart training of an extremely specialised nature to our management trainees. I have observed them at the end of the programme and must say that they appear all charged up and raring to go,† he remarked. The Taj-TISS joint programme is expected to create a demonstration effect in the industry with more hotel groups placing additional emphasis on the HR training programmes. To be a successful HR professional, what is required most is the aspirants’ ability to challenge themselves as well as their colleagues. Only then can they get the very best from themselves and their team. â€Å"Challenges in the HR field are immense and since it is so people-centric, it is only obvious that professionals should have strong people-management skills,† explains Srinivasan. Besides this, a right attitude towards the job and life in general is extremely essential. â€Å"As a manager myself, what I would look for in an applicant would be the ability to fit into my organisation perfectly and be emotionally balanced, competent and above all, be a cultural fit, fulfiling the basic values that the Taj is known for,† concludes Srinivasan. Promotion and Education They carry out their promotions by the means of calendars, monthly letter to their ‘Inner Circle Customers’, informing them about their upcoming events and offers. Taj has television advertisements on popular channels like CNBC, and print ads in magazines and newspapers. Taj takes part in exhibitions like wherein they promote their holiday packages. They also have special offers during the â€Å"off-season† etc. Also The Taj is the only hotel chain to personify itself and in promotion campaigns and advertisements the Taj is often referred to as â€Å"She† The print ads for the Taj are :- Physical Evidence The Taj Mahal Hotel was built in 1903. The architect was Sitaram Vaidya. It had a very ethnic look to it, which kept up their image of providing an Indian experience of warmth and hospitality. They realized that modernization is the name of the game and had The Taj redesigned by Mr. Chambers, Mr. Wilkes and Mr. Bernard from Singapore. Some of the recent renovations that have been carried out at the Taj are The exterior has been given a new and modern look while still retaining the old world charm of the building. The entrance has splendidly carved bronze and glass doors Soaring onyx columns stretch to a luminous alabaster ceiling; while underfoot, rich hand-woven carpets set off a magnificent floor painstakingly inlaid with semi-precious stones. The eclectic mix of western contemporary style and traditional Indian motifs creates a veritable feast for the sense. The citys most exclusive restaurant, The Zodaic Grill provides a graceful setting for an intimate dining experience. Under a magnificent trompe loeil dome, they serve the finest gourmet cuisine complemented by an extensive wine list, as a classically trained pianist entertains patrons. Price and Other User Costs Taj realizes that their prices are high and not affordable by all, but this is due to various overheads that it incurs and the superior quality that it offers. For e. g. a roadside sandwich seller sells his sandwich for Rs. 10 as he has no overheads and has no quality standards to maintain, like the quality of the bread and the vegetables. But at The Taj, they serve the best quality and also incur overhead expenses. Also the target audience that the Taj caters to are the one’s who come to the Taj for it’s ambience and world class standards, therefore they say that their prices are justified as they help The Taj retain the exclusivity that it stands for.